Bundles of soil services and soil threats at the EU level

Soils are responsible for a large number of ecosystem services but are under threats. 

These soil ecosystem services and threats are generally evaluated independently, while it is well recognised that they in-teract among each other. In addition, climate change and land use change reinforce soil threats and decrease soil ecosystem services. Bundles of soil threats and soil ecosystem services could be a tool to visualise the co-localisation of soil threats and soil ecosystem services at the EU level. We propose bundle maps for present and for 2050.

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